Універсальна юрисдикція в національному законодавстві: порівняльний аспект
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Date
2019
Authors
Чубінідзе, Олександра
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Abstract
Щодня ми бачимо порушення прав людини, які є найважливішою цінністю, закріпленою
в міжнародному праві, і ці порушення є злочинами проти міжнародного права.
Україна також переживає подібну ситуацію. Під час загострення українсько-російських
відносин питання відповідальності сторін конфлікту за злочини є дуже актуальним. Засудження
часто відбувається на рівні національних судів, адже вони є найефективнішим інструментом
засудження громадян іншої сторони за воєнні злочини.
У статті розкрито особливості застосування універсальної юрисдикції в національному праві.
Ця концепція є актуальною для України сьогодні у світлі подій на Сході. У статті розглянуто
механізми закріплення універсальної юрисдикції в законодавстві держав романо-германської та
англосаксонської правових систем, зокрема щодо її предметного, персонального та територіального
застосування. Здійснено аналіз повноважень та практики судових органів у цьому питанні.
Currently, international community faces bloody armed conflicts. During the operation in Syria, thousands of civilians become victims. Many other countries are suffering because they are forced to divide their homes with the waves of migrants. Every day we see violation of human rights, which are the most important values enshrined in the international law, and these violations constitute crimes against the international law. Ukraine is also experiencing a similar situation. During the aggravation of Ukrainian-Russian relations, the issue of responsibility of the parties to the conflict for their crimes is very relevant. In this context, accusations and convictions often occur at the level of national courts. They are the most effective instrument of condemning citizens of the other party for war crimes. Our task is to figure out whether there exists an effective mechanism to convict the perpetrators of the most serious crimes. There are mechanisms to punish the subject whose actions affect the interests of all mankind. It is widely known and used both in the international and national law, and called universal jurisdiction. The problem is that still, there are not any unified principles for its application. In particular, the question arises, who can apply it and against whom. The article reveals the peculiarities of application of the universal jurisdiction in the national law. In particular, attention is paid to the mechanisms for consolidating universal jurisdiction in the legislation of the Romano-Germanic and Anglo-Saxon legal systems, in particular as regards its subject-matter, personal and territorial application. An inalienable element of this study is the analysis of the powers and practice of the judicial authorities in this matter. The main purpose of the article is a study of universal jurisdiction, based on classical cases of its consolidation in the national law. Additionally, we consider issues of practical application thereof in cases of war crimes. The conclusion is that the national legislation has moved to a more narrow understanding of the universal jurisdiction. Most often, in order to start a case, the complainant must be present before the national court. It is important that the offenses have a connection with public interests of the state iudex loci deprehensionis. The problem is also that the consolidation and application of universal jurisdiction at the national level has not been yet unified.
Currently, international community faces bloody armed conflicts. During the operation in Syria, thousands of civilians become victims. Many other countries are suffering because they are forced to divide their homes with the waves of migrants. Every day we see violation of human rights, which are the most important values enshrined in the international law, and these violations constitute crimes against the international law. Ukraine is also experiencing a similar situation. During the aggravation of Ukrainian-Russian relations, the issue of responsibility of the parties to the conflict for their crimes is very relevant. In this context, accusations and convictions often occur at the level of national courts. They are the most effective instrument of condemning citizens of the other party for war crimes. Our task is to figure out whether there exists an effective mechanism to convict the perpetrators of the most serious crimes. There are mechanisms to punish the subject whose actions affect the interests of all mankind. It is widely known and used both in the international and national law, and called universal jurisdiction. The problem is that still, there are not any unified principles for its application. In particular, the question arises, who can apply it and against whom. The article reveals the peculiarities of application of the universal jurisdiction in the national law. In particular, attention is paid to the mechanisms for consolidating universal jurisdiction in the legislation of the Romano-Germanic and Anglo-Saxon legal systems, in particular as regards its subject-matter, personal and territorial application. An inalienable element of this study is the analysis of the powers and practice of the judicial authorities in this matter. The main purpose of the article is a study of universal jurisdiction, based on classical cases of its consolidation in the national law. Additionally, we consider issues of practical application thereof in cases of war crimes. The conclusion is that the national legislation has moved to a more narrow understanding of the universal jurisdiction. Most often, in order to start a case, the complainant must be present before the national court. It is important that the offenses have a connection with public interests of the state iudex loci deprehensionis. The problem is also that the consolidation and application of universal jurisdiction at the national level has not been yet unified.
Description
Keywords
універсальна юрисдикція, судові органи, міжнародне кримінальне право, найтяжчі міжнародні злочини, стаття, universal jurisdiction, international criminal law, grave crimes
Citation
Чубінідзе О. Універсальна юрисдикція в національному законодавстві: порівняльний аспект / Чубінідзе О. О. // Наукові записки НаУКМА. Юридичні науки. - 2019. - Т. 4. - С. 96-105.