Розвиток правової думки про попереднє слідство на українських землях у складі Російської імперії
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Date
2019
Authors
Яковенко, Микола
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Abstract
У статті систематизовано юридичну літературу ХІХ – початку ХХ ст., у якій висвітлено
питання щодо попереднього слідства на українських землях у складі Російської імперії. Джерельну
базу викладено в хронологічному порядку та поділено на три категорії. До першої групи публікацій
увійшли видання, в яких охарактеризовано діяльність державних органів, уповноважених здійснювати розслідування злочинів, наприкінці ХVIII ст. – до 1864 р. Під час дослідження зазначеної літератури встановлено, що відмежування попереднього слідства від діяльності органів адміністративно-виконавчої влади позитивно вплинуло на якість роботи органів правосуддя, особливо це
поліпшило розслідування злочинів. Другу групу літературних джерел становлять наукові видання,
присвячені правовим основам та практиці реалізації функції попереднього слідства від початку
судової реформи Олександра ІІ до початку революції 1917 р. Доведено, що розвиток і вдосконалення
функціональної моделі органів, уповноважених здійснювати розслідування злочинів, відбувалися під
впливом низки політичних, економічних і соціальних процесів. У третій категорії літературних
джерел висвітлено правову думку щодо специфіки реалізації функції попереднього слідства з початку ХХ ст. до повалення монархічного ладу.
The article deals with the systematized legal literature of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, which covers the implementation of the functioning of pre-trial investigation (preliminary investigation), in Ukrainian lands within the Russian Empire. The source base determines the genesis of the development and establishment of the functions of pre-trial investigation in the pre-revolutionary period. It is described in the chronological order: the first authors’ group includes publications which describe the state body investigation of the crimes in the end of the 18th century – up to 1864 (pre-reform period). Investigating the literature, the author established that the distinction between the preliminary investigation and the executive activity of authorities was positively affected by the work quality of the judiciary. It improved the effectiveness of the preliminary investigation. The second group of literary sources consists of scientific tests on the legal bases and practical implementation of the functions of the pre-trial investigation from the beginning of the judicial reform of Alexander II till the beginning of the nineteenth century. It is established that the development and perfection of the functional model of bodies (which were authorized to carry out the function of pre-trial investigation) took place because of the influence of a number of political, economic and social processes. These events were interconnected and served as a catalyst to develop a direction of such a legal thought. The third category of literary sources discovered the specifics of the implementation of the function of pre-trial investigation from the beginning of the twentieth century until the restoration of the monarchical order of 1917. At this time, the legal thought gained its maximum development. The reform of the judicial system was actively discussed in political circles and was covered in programs of liberal parties of regal Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century. Spreading of free-thinking in the society, the origin of new political currents radically influenced the people’s legal consciousness. All of these factors forced the authorities to reconsider the functional model of law enforcement agencies in the field of the preliminary investigation.
The article deals with the systematized legal literature of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, which covers the implementation of the functioning of pre-trial investigation (preliminary investigation), in Ukrainian lands within the Russian Empire. The source base determines the genesis of the development and establishment of the functions of pre-trial investigation in the pre-revolutionary period. It is described in the chronological order: the first authors’ group includes publications which describe the state body investigation of the crimes in the end of the 18th century – up to 1864 (pre-reform period). Investigating the literature, the author established that the distinction between the preliminary investigation and the executive activity of authorities was positively affected by the work quality of the judiciary. It improved the effectiveness of the preliminary investigation. The second group of literary sources consists of scientific tests on the legal bases and practical implementation of the functions of the pre-trial investigation from the beginning of the judicial reform of Alexander II till the beginning of the nineteenth century. It is established that the development and perfection of the functional model of bodies (which were authorized to carry out the function of pre-trial investigation) took place because of the influence of a number of political, economic and social processes. These events were interconnected and served as a catalyst to develop a direction of such a legal thought. The third category of literary sources discovered the specifics of the implementation of the function of pre-trial investigation from the beginning of the twentieth century until the restoration of the monarchical order of 1917. At this time, the legal thought gained its maximum development. The reform of the judicial system was actively discussed in political circles and was covered in programs of liberal parties of regal Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century. Spreading of free-thinking in the society, the origin of new political currents radically influenced the people’s legal consciousness. All of these factors forced the authorities to reconsider the functional model of law enforcement agencies in the field of the preliminary investigation.
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Keywords
попереднє слідство, дізнання, судовий слідчий, судова реформа 1864 р., стаття, functioning of pre-trial investigation, pre-trial investigation, preliminary investigation, inquiry, judicial investigator, judicial reform in 1864