Hybrid CoE Research Reports are thorough, in-depth studies providing a deep understanding of hybrid threats and phenomena relating to them. Research Reports build on an original idea and follow academic research report standards, presenting new research findings. They provide either policy-relevant recommendations or practical conclusions. This Hybrid CoE Research Report is a joint effort with the Atlantic Council’s Digital Forensic Research Lab (DFRLab). Founded in 2016, DFRLab pioneered the study of online disinformation. Their work exposes falsehoods and information manipulation, documents human rights abuses using open-source information, and builds digital resilience worldwide. For more information, please visit dfrlab.org.