Могилянська школа журналістики

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Anti-EU narratives through the Russian-Ukrainian war in the light of StopFake.org’s debunks
(Dykinson, 2023) Churanova, O.; Romaniuk, Viktoriia
Disinformation as a tool of warfare was actively used in the Soviet Union and then by the Russian Federation. The conduct of Russia's hybrid war in Ukraine since 2014 has been accompanied by various information operations whose aim is to introduce harmful malign ideas and views into collective and individual consciousness; to disorient and misinform the public; to undermine certain beliefs and stability; to instill fear about one's neighbor through the portrayal of an enemy (Horban, 2015). Russia constantly disseminated a series of disinformation narratives to distort Ukraine's image in the eyes of both Western allies and Ukrainians themselves. Russia actively employs reflexive control to influence the opinions of the majority and the decisions made by stakeholders (Fedchenko, 2016; Media Aijr & Vailliant, 2018). Reflexive control compels a stronger opponent to voluntarily choose a particular action to benefit Russia and shapes the necessary perception of the situation around the opponent (Makukhin, 2018; Snegovaya, 2015). To this end, Russia creates the necessary images, visualizations, fake statements, and fake studies, including fake and manipulative news, all of which work in concert and in one direction – to make the adversary think and make decisions in a way that benefits Russia.
The Battle for History and Building of Identity: Fake News confronts Professional News [electronic resourse]
(2021) Kvit, Serhii
Western expert community does not seem critical enough towards the phenomenon of Russian imperialism. Here, one should mention the strong traditions of Russo/Sovietphilia, which are often based on dirty Russian money, an interest in the Byzantine tradition, love of Russian ballet, in particular the music of Ukrainian Petro Tchaikovskyi, Russian literature, in particular the works of Ukrainian Mykola Gogol, and approval of Putinism as a special civilizational path. The "battle for history" thesis (fundamental to the politics of memory) is unacceptable to professional historians because its subjective approach diverges from their prime task of searching for and understanding the truth. At the same time, one cannot deny that the historical agenda has become extremely media-oriented and even news-based. That is, from some point of view, interpretations of history can be seen as matters of concern to society on par with current domestic problems that directly affect quality of life.
The Battlerfront of civilizations: education in Ukraine
(Kyiv Mohyla Academy Publishing House, 2015) Kvit, Serhii
This compendium of previously published articles, biogs, speeches, reviews, and essays of Serhiy Kvit is intended to inform a foreign audience about events and issues in Ukraine and related to Ukraine since 2008. Some of the biogs were published in Universicy World News over 2012-2014. Other materials in this colleccion were published or presented to audiences in Australia, the US, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, Finland, Poland, Bel· gium, and, of course, Ukraine. The writing is divided into four sections: Ideology, University World News, 1he Mea· ning of University, and Henneneutics and Mass Communications. The themes cover current developments, such as educational reform and the dramatic social changes of recent years, and more philosophical and global issues. As the oldest universicy in Ukraine and an insti· tution that has led by example as both an agent and a catalyst for critical educational and social changes, the National Universicy ofKyiv-MohylaAcademy is the focus and even the locus of many of the issues and changes presented here.
Between Professionalism and Activism: Ukrainian Journalism after the Euromaidan
(2017) Budivska, Halyna; Orlova, Dariya
A crucial benchmark in Ukraine’s recent history, the Euromaidan protests triggered many transformations across Ukrainian society. Ukrainian journalism has affected and has been affected by these changes and their challenges. Journalists’ activism emerged as one of the major features of Ukraine’s post-Euromaidan media landscape but remains understudied. Informed by the concepts of "journalism culture" and "journalism professionalism", this article explores journalists’ perceptions about their activism, the boundaries of their professionalism and their experiences confronting the activism versus professionalism dilemma. It identifies journalists’ competing approaches to the new challenges and their complicated context and discusses these approaches’ implications for the Ukrainian media and journalism.
Budowanie odporności społecznej oraz umiejętności krytycznego korzystania z mediów - przed i w trakcie wojny
(Wydawnictwo Akademii Sztuki Wojennej, 2023) Dutsyk, Diana
Wojna Rosji z Ukrainą doprowadziła do aktywnego rozwoju dziedziny umiejętności korzystania z mediów w Ukrainie i skłoniła kluczowych graczy oraz rząd do traktowania jej jako elementu polityki bezpieczeństwa. Zdjęcie zadymionej wieży telewizyjnej w Kijowie po jej ostrzale rosyjskimi rakietami 1 marca 2022 r. obiegło cały świat. Był to początek serii rosyjskich ataków rakietowych na wieże telewizyjne w całej Ukrainie (łącznie zaatakowano 14 obiektów). Ataki te stały się symbolicznym potwierdzeniem terroryzmu informacyjnego, który Rosja zaczęła stosować przeciwko Ukrainie na długo przed okupacją części ukraińskich terytoriów w 2014 r. Atakując kijowską wieżę telewizyjną, Rosja po raz kolejny potwierdziła, że media i propaganda były i pozostają dla niej strategicznym zasobem, za pomocą którego chce ona kontrolować i zmieniać zachowania dużych mas społecznych.
Building resilience of Ukrainian fact-checkers in the fight against disinformation about the European Union
(Dykinson, 2023) Catalán Matamoros, Daniel; Romaniuk, Viktoriia
This book is being published under the project titled "Building resilience of Ukrainian fact-checkers in the fight against disinformation about the EU" which was funded by the European Media and Information Fund (EMIF). The project was led by the UC3M MediaLab Research Group in Madrid University Carlos III in collaboration with StopFake.org, the leading fact-checking organization in Ukraine. The aim was to strengthen the capacity of EU and Ukrainian factchecking organizations to combat disinformation, particularly around topics related to the European Union. The war in Ukraine has intensified disinformation, including Russian propaganda that actively discredits the EU and tries to undermine support for Ukraine from EU states and democratic values inside Ukrainian media space (European Commission, 2022). The project mapped the main disinformation narratives and actors to flag them to the wider fact-checking community in the European Union to help them identify malign narratives and mitigate their impact. This initiative is a set of research and educational activities aimed at improving fact-checking skills and awareness among fact-checkers. The project fosters positive transformations in the EU and Ukrainian media landscapes through information dissemination and knowledge exchange. The project strengthens the work of fact-checking organizations and reviews expertise and methodologies on information verification. Through this approach, it is expected to contribute significantly to the fight against disinformation in Europe. Therefore, this project is funded by EMIF and led by UC3M MediaLab and StopFake.org, key organizations in the field.
Computational Propaganda in Ukraine: Caught Between External Threats and Internal Challenges
(Project on Computational Propaganda, 2017) Zhdanova, Mariia; Orlova, Dariya; Samuel, Woolley; Howard, Philip
This working paper examines the state of computational propaganda in Ukraine, focusing on two major dimensions, Ukraine’s response to the challenges of external information attacks and the use of computational propaganda in internal political communication. Based on interviews with Ukrainian media experts, academics, industry insiders and bot developers, the working paper explores the scale of the issue and identifies the most common tactics, instruments and approaches for the deployment of political bots online. The cases described illustrate the misconceptions about fake accounts, paid online commentators and automated scripts, as well as the threats of malicious online activities. First, we explain how bots operate in the internal political and media environment of the country and provide examples of typical campaigns. Second, we analyse the case of the MH17 tragedy as an illustrative example of Russia’s purposeful disinformation campaign against Ukraine, which has a distinctive social media component. Finally, responses to computational propaganda are scrutinized, including alleged governmental attacks on Ukrainian journalists, which reveal that civil society and grassroots movements have great potential to stand up to the perils of computational propaganda.
Disinformation and fact-checking in contemporary society
(Dykinson, 2023) Catalán Matamoros, Daniel; Romaniuk, Viktoriia; Carral, Uxía; Churanova, Olena; Yurkova, Olga; Arroyo, David; Valencia, Javier; Galan Cordero, Galán; Solovei, Galyna; Pugliese, Matteo; Fedchenko, Yevhen; Deynychenko, Ruslan; Cembellín Fernández, Miguel; Zamora Medina, Rocío; Pérez-Escolar, Marta; Cembellín Fernández, Miguel; Goikoetxea Bilbao, Udane; Peñafiel Saiz, Carmen; Zou, Mengfan; Cortés Gómez, Sara; García, Guillermo; Pina, Carla; Elías, Carlos; Kindelán, Cecilia; Gelado Marcos, Roberto; Navío Navarro, Mariché; Núñez, Felipe; Burdiak, Pavlo; Hidalgo, Pablo; López, Casandra; Puebla, Belén; Posadas Bermúdez, Alejandro; López Iñigo, Rocío; Philippe, Olivier; Buslón, Nataly; José Rementeria, María
Collective monograph. Disinformation and fact-checking in contemporary society [electronic resource] / Daniel Catalán Matamoros, Viktoriia Romaniuk, ... Galyna Solovei et al.] ; Catalán-Matamoros, Daniel, coordinador. - Madrid : Dykinson, 2023. - 431 p.
Etyka i standardy dziennikarskie - obowiązujące normy i samoograniczenia mediów
(Wydawnictwo Akademii Sztuki Wojennej, 2023) Kvit, Serhiy
Naruszenie etyki zawodowej i standardów działalności dziennikarskiej w latach 2022––2023 należy rozpatrywać w kontekście pełnoskalowej inwazji zbrojnej podczas kolejnej wojny rosyjsko-ukraińskiej, która rozpoczęła się w 2014 r. i stworzyła istotne przesłanki koncepcyjne do zacierania norm zwyczajowych. Innymi słowy, obecnie nie wystarczy uwzględniać poszczególnych przypadków naruszeń etyki zawodowej przez dziennikarzy, jakby nie zauważając globalnych okoliczności przemian wywołanych tą wojną. Tym bardziej że istnieje coraz więcej możliwości do publicznego identyfikowania nieetycznych zachowań dziennikarzy promujących rosyjskie narracje w zachodnich mediach i należących do tzw. "Duranty club". W lipcu 2022 r. skandaliczny prorosyjski dziennikarz Graham Phillips trafił pod sankcje Wielkiej Brytanii. Widziano go w towarzystwie Patricka Lancastera i Christelle’a Neanta na okupowanych terytoriach obwodów donieckiego i ługańskiego w warunkach szczególnego sprzyjania okupacyjnej administracji rosyjskiej. W odpowiedzi osoby te tworzyły prorosyjskie, czyli zniekształcone i nieprawdziwe treści medialne.
Frame Analysis of the New York Times and Izvestia Coverage of the Presidential Elections and the Orange Revolution in Ukraine in 2004
(2006) Hubenko, Dmytro
Free speech versus defence of the nation? The media as sources of national insecurity in Ukraine
(2023) Szostek, Joanna; Orlova, Dariya
The media can cause concern in the context of national security: they are described as potential tools and targets of attack that can be "weaponised", and as a space where "information war" is waged. Governments may try to block media that are deemed a security threat, but the rationale for taking such an action deserves careful consideration, given the tension between media restrictions and the democratic principle of free speech. This article scrutinises the security rationale for restrictions imposed by Ukraine on Russian and "pro-Russian" media from 2014. When justifying restrictions, Ukrainian officials highlighted the threat of media content both distorting perceptions of reality and weakening the foundations of Ukrainian nationhood. We, therefore, analyse survey data to investigate whether the use of the banned media was associated with variation in Ukrainian citizens’ perceptions of truth and national values. We find that the use of the banned media was linked to mistaken beliefs about the veracity of news headlines, both true and false; it was also associated with lower support for democracy in Ukraine (a key national constitutional value). This evidence from the Ukrainian case informs our discussion about the media’s impact on national (in)security and rationales for media restrictions in democratic contexts more broadly.
Główne narracje dezinformacji kształtujące wojnę i jej wpływ na wojnę kinetyczną
(Wydawnictwo Akademii Sztuki Wojennej, 2023) Fedchenko, Yevhen
Rok po rozpoczęciu rosyjskiej agresji pełnoskalowej przeciw Ukrainie można wyciągnąć pośrednie wnioski z kolejnej, być może mniej widocznej wojny – wojny informacyjnej. Niektórzy są przekonani, że Ukraina już ostatecznie wygrała wojnę informacyjną – tak przynajmniej wynika z wielu tekstów badawczych i nagłówków czołowych mediów światowych ("Washington Post", BBC, NPR itd.). Inni, wręcz przeciwnie, twierdzą, że właśnie w tym gatunku wojny nie może być ostatecznego zwycięstwa i, jak zauważył Carl von Clausewitz, nigdy się ona nie kończy. Jest jednak jedno ważne osiągnięcie, które pozwoliło Ukrainie zdobyć strategiczną przewagę w komunikacji i następnie wykorzystać ją zarówno do budowy wewnętrznego systemu odporności (resilience), jak i do stworzenia międzynarodowej koalicji sojuszników i partnerów. To osiągnięcie to neutralizacja zawczasu rosyjskiego systemu dezinformacyjnego. Nastąpiła ona dzięki temu, że Ukraina skutecznie wykorzystała okres od 2014 r. (od początku rosyjskiej wojny z Ukrainą) do badania: rosyjskiej doktryny wojny informacyjnej, strategii jej prowadzenia, głównych aktorów, platform udostępniania, a także badania i neutralizowania głównych narracji, które miałyby usprawiedliwić rosyjską inwazję na Ukrainę. Nie mniej istotne było także to, że Ukrainie udało się zwrócić uwagę całego świata na problem rozprzestrzeniania się i wzrostu wpływów rosyjskiej dezinformacji, wyjaśnić jej skutki i zdyskredytować jej główne narracje. I zrobić to wszystko zawczasu – na długo przed rozpoczęciem agresji w lutym 2022 r.
Higher Education in Ukraine in the Time of Independence: Between Brownian Motion and Revolutionary Reform
(2020) Kvit, Serhii
The article explores major milestones in reforming higher education in Ukraine, applying the methodology of case studies. It analyzes political and social conditions that influenced the process of reform. The author pays particular attention to the concept of university autonomy, its development and implementation in Ukraine, considering legal and institutional efforts. The impact and experience of some leading institutions like Kyiv Mohyla Academy is discussed. The author concludes that the task of ensuring comprehensive university autonomy is of a political nature. This is the only reliable instrument for raising of quality of Ukrainian higher education.
Interview with Serhiy Kvit. Ukrainian universities engaged into the war effort beyond expectation [electronic resource]
(2023) Kvit, Serhiy
Інтерв'ю із Президентом НаУКМА Сергієм Квітом про навчання та перспективи у Національному університеті "Києво-Могилянська академія" під час повномасштабного російського вторгнення в Україну.
John D. Caputo. Truth: Philosophy in Transit. Penguin Press, 2013: [review]
(2014) Kvit, Serhii
Journalism in the Crossfire: Media coverage of the war in Ukraine in 2014: [preprint]
(2016) Nygren, Gunnar; Glowacki, Michal; Hök, Jöran; Kiria, Ilya; Orlova, Dariya; Taradai, Daria
War reporting has mostly been analyzed as a struggle between political and military control over information and journalistic professionalism. An analysis of reporting in mainstream media from the conflict in eastern Ukraine in 2014 shows that many other aspects must also be considered. In a comparative study, mainstream media coverage in four countries, Ukraine, Russia, Poland, and Sweden, was analyzed and interviews were held with journalists in the media included in the content analysis. Findings revealed significant variations in the framing of the conflict, portrayal of actors involved, and word choice across national settings. Interviews with journalists also highlighted crucial differences in approaches and perceptions. Results show that the specific journalistic culture in each country, self-censorship, and the degree of activist approach among journalists similarly play an important role in war reporting. Researchers from all four countries participated in the project.
Kremlin propaganda: soviet active measures by other means
(2016) Fedchenko, Yevhen
This article traces the evolution of Russian propaganda and its role in active measures. Active measures were originally conceived during the Soviet era but still remain operative as they were recently deployed during the Russian occupation of Crimea and the war against Ukraine in Donbas. During these events active measures underwent something of a renaissance as there was the dramatic upsurge in propaganda usage and media manipulation. Fake media stories and forgeries have long played an integral part in the active measures that have been conducted by the Kremlin, which then amends its military capacity and diplomacy efforts to cover up the deceit. The manufacture and dissemination of fake news stories is carried out in a centralized and systematic fashion as the fabrications must be coherent and maintain alignment with the Kremlin's policies and talking points. It will be shown that the use of media-related active measures is not a new phenomenon and was widely utilized by the former Soviet Union as a way of actualizing its foreign policy by clandestine means. When examining more than 500 Russian propaganda pieces, which were debunked by the StopFake.org verification project, it becomes evident that the same of falsification and deception patterns that were common to the USSR already in the 1950's, are still present today. The only difference is the parasitic way in which the current Kremlin propaganda has seized on core liberal Western concepts, such as the promotion of freedom of speech, and then used this as a screen to allow it to deliver ‘the other point of view’. Whereas before the Kremlin historically relied on traditional media, such as printed news to distribute its fake news stories, it now makes use of a much wider array of mediums such as the internet and social media.
Migration Coverage in Europe, Russia and the United States: A comparative Analysis of Coverage in 17 countries (2015-2018)
(2022) Kreutler, Marcus; Fengler, Susanne; Asadi, Nastaran; Bodrunova, Svetlana; Budivska, Halyna; Diop, Layire; Ertz, Georgia; Gigola, Daria; Katus, Eszter; Kovacs, Denisa; Kuś, Michal; Láb, Filip; Lábová, Sandra; Litvinenko, Anna; Mack, Johanna; Maier, Scott; Pinto Martinho, Ana; Matei, Antonia; Miller, Kaitlin; Oppermann, Lisa; Pérez Vara, Eva; Polyák, Gábor; Ravisankar, Rajeev; Rodríguez Pérez, Carlos; Semova, Dimitrina; Skleparis, Dimitris; Splendore, Sergio; Szynol, Adam; Telo, Décio; Zguri, Rrapo
Six years after the so-called ‘refugee crisis’ in 2015, the European Union remains divided on questions of migration and asylum policy. The issue also remains high on the agendas of the USA and Russia, two other key destination countries with immigration from Latin America and the Post-Soviet space. This article presents results from a comparative study of news coverage in 17 countries, focusing on 10 EU member states in Western and Central Eastern Europe (CEE), the USA and Russia. The intensity of coverage was remarkably different, with Hungary’s and Germany’s media standing out while Russian media displayed relatively low levels of coverage. Individual migrants and refugees were most visible in the two outlets from the USA. Media in CEE countries tended towards a more critical approach than media in Western Europe. However, differences between most countries’ pairs of analyzed media outlets indicate a more pluralistic debate than frequently assumed.
Narrating "Their War" and "Our War" - the Patriotic Journalism Paradigm in the Context of Swedish and Ukrainian Conflict Coverage
(2022) Springer, Nina; Nygren, Gunnar; Widholm, Andreas; Orlova, Dariya; Taradai, Daria
"Patriotic journalism," a deviation from objectivity, has become an important paradigm and well-documented phenomenon in the analysis of conflict coverage. However, studies rarely focus on the link between journalists’ perceptions and narratives. We investigated how journalists from two countries, one involved in a conflict (Ukraine) and the other observing it from a distance (Sweden) relate to the objectivity norm in sourcing and narrating seven conflictive news cases in Ukraine (2017 to 2018). We found pragmatic commitment to objectivity in both countries, which was not always reflected in the content produced. For Swedish journalists, our results hint toward a value-based ally loyalty, which seems less stable than a tribe-based bond. In Ukraine, official Ukrainian perspectives were undisputedly disseminated; however, we did not find that they were generally positively laden, as one would expect for patriotic journalists. Trust in public institutions might be a deciding factor over the extent of patriotism.
Natalya Ryabinska. Ukraine’s Post-Communist Mass Media: Between Capture and Commercialization
(2018) Orlova, Dariya
Book review of Natalya Ryabinska. Ukraine’s Post-Communist Mass Media: Between Capture and Commercialization.

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