Могилянська школа журналістики

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The Battle for History and Building of Identity: Fake News confronts Professional News [electronic resourse]
(2021) Kvit, Serhii
Western expert community does not seem critical enough towards the phenomenon of Russian imperialism. Here, one should mention the strong traditions of Russo/Sovietphilia, which are often based on dirty Russian money, an interest in the Byzantine tradition, love of Russian ballet, in particular the music of Ukrainian Petro Tchaikovskyi, Russian literature, in particular the works of Ukrainian Mykola Gogol, and approval of Putinism as a special civilizational path. The "battle for history" thesis (fundamental to the politics of memory) is unacceptable to professional historians because its subjective approach diverges from their prime task of searching for and understanding the truth. At the same time, one cannot deny that the historical agenda has become extremely media-oriented and even news-based. That is, from some point of view, interpretations of history can be seen as matters of concern to society on par with current domestic problems that directly affect quality of life.
Between Professionalism and Activism: Ukrainian Journalism after the Euromaidan
(2017) Budivska, Halyna; Orlova, Dariya
A crucial benchmark in Ukraine’s recent history, the Euromaidan protests triggered many transformations across Ukrainian society. Ukrainian journalism has affected and has been affected by these changes and their challenges. Journalists’ activism emerged as one of the major features of Ukraine’s post-Euromaidan media landscape but remains understudied. Informed by the concepts of "journalism culture" and "journalism professionalism", this article explores journalists’ perceptions about their activism, the boundaries of their professionalism and their experiences confronting the activism versus professionalism dilemma. It identifies journalists’ competing approaches to the new challenges and their complicated context and discusses these approaches’ implications for the Ukrainian media and journalism.
Free speech versus defence of the nation? The media as sources of national insecurity in Ukraine
(2023) Szostek, Joanna; Orlova, Dariya
The media can cause concern in the context of national security: they are described as potential tools and targets of attack that can be "weaponised", and as a space where "information war" is waged. Governments may try to block media that are deemed a security threat, but the rationale for taking such an action deserves careful consideration, given the tension between media restrictions and the democratic principle of free speech. This article scrutinises the security rationale for restrictions imposed by Ukraine on Russian and "pro-Russian" media from 2014. When justifying restrictions, Ukrainian officials highlighted the threat of media content both distorting perceptions of reality and weakening the foundations of Ukrainian nationhood. We, therefore, analyse survey data to investigate whether the use of the banned media was associated with variation in Ukrainian citizens’ perceptions of truth and national values. We find that the use of the banned media was linked to mistaken beliefs about the veracity of news headlines, both true and false; it was also associated with lower support for democracy in Ukraine (a key national constitutional value). This evidence from the Ukrainian case informs our discussion about the media’s impact on national (in)security and rationales for media restrictions in democratic contexts more broadly.
Higher Education in Ukraine in the Time of Independence: Between Brownian Motion and Revolutionary Reform
(2020) Kvit, Serhii
The article explores major milestones in reforming higher education in Ukraine, applying the methodology of case studies. It analyzes political and social conditions that influenced the process of reform. The author pays particular attention to the concept of university autonomy, its development and implementation in Ukraine, considering legal and institutional efforts. The impact and experience of some leading institutions like Kyiv Mohyla Academy is discussed. The author concludes that the task of ensuring comprehensive university autonomy is of a political nature. This is the only reliable instrument for raising of quality of Ukrainian higher education.
Migration Coverage in Europe, Russia and the United States: A comparative Analysis of Coverage in 17 countries (2015-2018)
(2022) Kreutler, Marcus; Fengler, Susanne; Asadi, Nastaran; Bodrunova, Svetlana; Budivska, Halyna; Diop, Layire; Ertz, Georgia; Gigola, Daria; Katus, Eszter; Kovacs, Denisa; Kuś, Michal; Láb, Filip; Lábová, Sandra; Litvinenko, Anna; Mack, Johanna; Maier, Scott; Pinto Martinho, Ana; Matei, Antonia; Miller, Kaitlin; Oppermann, Lisa; Pérez Vara, Eva; Polyák, Gábor; Ravisankar, Rajeev; Rodríguez Pérez, Carlos; Semova, Dimitrina; Skleparis, Dimitris; Splendore, Sergio; Szynol, Adam; Telo, Décio; Zguri, Rrapo
Six years after the so-called ‘refugee crisis’ in 2015, the European Union remains divided on questions of migration and asylum policy. The issue also remains high on the agendas of the USA and Russia, two other key destination countries with immigration from Latin America and the Post-Soviet space. This article presents results from a comparative study of news coverage in 17 countries, focusing on 10 EU member states in Western and Central Eastern Europe (CEE), the USA and Russia. The intensity of coverage was remarkably different, with Hungary’s and Germany’s media standing out while Russian media displayed relatively low levels of coverage. Individual migrants and refugees were most visible in the two outlets from the USA. Media in CEE countries tended towards a more critical approach than media in Western Europe. However, differences between most countries’ pairs of analyzed media outlets indicate a more pluralistic debate than frequently assumed.
Narrating "Their War" and "Our War" - the Patriotic Journalism Paradigm in the Context of Swedish and Ukrainian Conflict Coverage
(2022) Springer, Nina; Nygren, Gunnar; Widholm, Andreas; Orlova, Dariya; Taradai, Daria
"Patriotic journalism," a deviation from objectivity, has become an important paradigm and well-documented phenomenon in the analysis of conflict coverage. However, studies rarely focus on the link between journalists’ perceptions and narratives. We investigated how journalists from two countries, one involved in a conflict (Ukraine) and the other observing it from a distance (Sweden) relate to the objectivity norm in sourcing and narrating seven conflictive news cases in Ukraine (2017 to 2018). We found pragmatic commitment to objectivity in both countries, which was not always reflected in the content produced. For Swedish journalists, our results hint toward a value-based ally loyalty, which seems less stable than a tribe-based bond. In Ukraine, official Ukrainian perspectives were undisputedly disseminated; however, we did not find that they were generally positively laden, as one would expect for patriotic journalists. Trust in public institutions might be a deciding factor over the extent of patriotism.
Teaching Journalism in Ukraine: Between Formal and Non-Formal Education
(2018) Demchenko, Olena
Formal journalism education in Ukraine has been criticized for quite a long time for still being affected by the old Soviet theory-based teaching model, rather than adhering to internationally accepted best practices. The system of teaching students at journalism departments has not changed significantly since Ukrainian independence in 1991 and many Ukrainian journalists have entered the profession with largely inadequate training. For instance, the practice of on-the-job training has been implemented only by some journalism departments, or is partly implemented by some lecturers. On the other hand, graduates of journalism programs in Ukraine say that more practical trainings help their professional growth. This article, then, aims to explicate the advantages and disadvantages that exist in Ukrainian journalism education, and it seeks to reveal whether Ukrainian journalists prefer formal or non-formal education for their profession. The findings are based on an analysis of 10 focus groups conducted with a total of 92 Ukrainian journalists (both with and without journalism degrees) and nine indepth interviews with Ukrainian lecturers and Ukrainian media representatives.
Towards the Freedom-Seeking Mission of the Ukrainian University
(2021) Kvit, Serhii
What do we know about the challenges faced by universities and intellectuals in the country with a long history of statelessness? In this essay, I address this question by looking at the development of the Ukrainian university. In the post-Soviet environment, institutions that are regarded as higher education entities very often have nothing to do with genuine university traditions. For example, the ability to issue higher education diplomas is not a sufficient condition for being an institution of higher education. However, that is not always obvious in the post-Soviet circumstances. Instead of adhering to global standards of organizational purpose, values and standards, some post-Soviet politicians and academics have a tendency to be proud of the international competitiveness and scientific achievements of the Soviet period, when the totalitarian state spent considerable resources on the needs of the military-industrial complex and communist propaganda. The university communities are thus tempted to stay in the shadow of the narratives created by the colonizer. In this essay, I will explore the implications of this from the viewpoint of decolonization, increased social significance, and, as a matter of fact, (re)establishment of the Ukrainian academia.
The transformation of propaganda : the continuities and discontinuities of information operations, from Soviet to Russian active measures
(2023) Horbyk, Roman; Prymachenko, Yana; Orlova, Dariya
This article focuses on the transformation of Soviet Cold War propaganda into the contemporary Russian information operations, bringing together two distinct periods characterised with the rise of new and sophisticated techniques. By comparing propaganda instructions in KGB manuals and the practices of the propagandists behind the 2014–2020 Secondary Infektion campaign, we find out what of the "analogue" Cold War propaganda remains in the present-day computational propaganda and how exactly Soviet propaganda techniques evolved into the new mediascape. This highlights both strong continuities of methods and techniques and certain discontinuities. Our analysis also contributes to the understanding of the very concept of propaganda, singling out such aspects as covertness, negativity, and inauthenticity as especially ingrained features of the Russian style of propaganda that are also regrettably often overlooked in generic definitions.
Ukrainian Investigative Journalists After the Euromaidan: Their Role Conceptions and Worldviews
(2020) Yaroshchuk, Oleksandr
In recentyears, an increased interest in journalistic roles has inspired multiple empirical studies aimed at establishing the journalistic role conception and performance of journalists worldwide. Ukraine is not an exception. Studies published in recentyears show that the professional culture of journalists in Ukraine is changing, resulting in the "blurring of boundaries" between journalism and activism. Moreover, Ukrainian journalists also show a high degree of political engagement. However, these studies have not measured the specific professional settings of investigative journalists, who form a unique community in the Ukrainian media system. Therefore, this study is devoted to uncovering the role conceptions of Ukrainian investigative journalists, their professional identities, and culture. The results show that many journalists express multiple roles: a "populist mobilizer" combined with "watchdog" role, or "watchdog" combined with "critical change agent" role. This confirms the hypothesis that a multiplicity of roles and blurring of boundaries are also present among investigative journalists.
Understandings of democracy and "good citizenship" in Ukraine: utopia for the people, participation in politics not required
(2022) Szostek, Joanna; Orlova, Dariya
This article investigates and compares how people in diverse peripheral regions of Ukraine understood democracy, their role as citizens in a democracy, and the meaning of "good citizenship" in 2021, the year before Russia’s full-scale invasion. We conduct thematic analysis of focus group discussions to demonstrate gaps and inconsistencies in the understandings of democracy articulated by our participants. We find that a utopian understanding of democracy is common, in which authorities are expected to "listen to the people" and keep them satisfied, but the need for government to manage conflicting interests is not recognized. Understandings of good citizenship are inclusive and pro-social, but mostly detached from institutional politics. We observe similarity across regions in how democracy is understood in the abstract. However, the meaning ascribed to democracy often varied when discussion moved from the abstract to particular country examples – a finding relevant beyond the Ukrainian case, for survey-based research on public understandings of democracy more generally.

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