Кафедра історії

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Browsing Кафедра історії by Author "Bazhan, Oleh"

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    Anti-regime movement in the second half of the 20th century in Soviet Ukraine: essence, scale, forms and methods of resistance
    (2023) Bazhan, Oleh
    The article highlights the general trends and features of the formation of the opposition movement in Ukraine from the late 1950s through the 1980s, and examines the forms and methods of the protest movement as well as the specifics of the information and communication activities of Ukrainian dissidents. The study focuses on the mechanism of political repression, the use of criminal legislation in the Ukrainian SSR to punish dissent, and the approximate number of citizens of the republic who were repressed for "anti-Soviet propaganda and activities" from the 1950s through the 1980s.
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    Development of True Orthodox Church in Kyiv region (1927-1931)
    (2026) Trygub, Oleksandr; Bazhan, Oleh
    The preconditions for the formation and activities of the True Orthodox Church in the territory of the Kyiv region from 1927 to 1931 are studied in the scientific paper. Based on archival documents, the reasons for the emergence of the anti-Sergius opposition among the Orthodox clergy and laity who rejected the Declaration of Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky) on loyalty to Soviet power are analyzed. It is shown that the Kyiv region became one of the centers for the development of the True Orthodox Christian movement in the Ukrainian SSR, where independent communities were formed. The specifics of underground church life are revealed, including illegal divine services, the establishment of clandestine monasteries, and the distribution of leaflets and spiritual proclamations. Particular attention is given to the repressive policies of the Soviet authorities, culminating in the OGPU operation "Chornye Pauki" (Black Spiders) (1931), which led to the arrests and convictions of dozens of clergy and laity in the Kyiv region. It is concluded that the True Orthodox Church in the Kyiv region became a manifestation of religious nonconformism and spiritual resistance to the totalitarian regime, having played a significant role in the formation of Catacomb Orthodoxy in Ukraine.
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    "Public relations" structures of the USSR KGB during Gorbachev's perestroika (1985-1991)
    (2025) Bazhan, Oleh; Lisova, Vita
    The purpose of the research paper is to analyze the development of propaganda structures within the Soviet state security services during Gorbachev’s perestroika, identifying key socio-political factors and KGB policy decisions that shaped these efforts. It examines changes in the structure and status of media offices at the union, republican, and regional levels and outlines the functions of the Committee for State Security’s information departments from 1985 to 1991. The scientific novelty of the article stems from its focus on the organizational evolution, functions, and status of these units during the final crisis of the Soviet totalitarian system. Conclusion. Gorbachev’s perestroika compelled Soviet state security agencies to reassess their approach to public messaging. The Kremlin’s attempt to project a more humane version of socialism drove the KGB to incorporate certain elements of glasnost and democratization, despite the institution’s inherently secretive nature. In keeping with broader political trends, the USSR KGB made deliberate efforts to present itself to the public as a legitimate, modern, and progressive institution. Regional state security bodies followed the lead of the central apparatus. As the arsenal of Chekist propaganda tools expanded, however, weaknesses in the operations of units responsible for shaping public opinion became increasingly visible – particularly the mismatch between the existing organizational and staffing models of the ‘PR’ units and the evolving demands of the time. This highlighted the need not only to revise the content and form of information dissemination but also to restructure the Committee’s media outreach system. Over the six years of perestroika, the institutional evolution in this field transitioned from being the sole ‘PR’ unit within the Soviet security apparatus – specifically, the KGB Press Bureau at the union level – to a three-tiered propaganda network spanning union, republican, and regional levels. These reforms also elevated the status of press groups. In the mid-1980s, local information-related efforts were carried out by ad hoc working groups composed of officers from various KGB departments, who performed these tasks alongside their core responsibilities. By the late 1980s and early 1990s, full-time press divisions had been formally established, though their effectiveness remained still remained constrained by systemic limitations. Gradually, the scope and effectiveness of public-facing campaigns became an important criterion for assessing the overall performance of state security units. Notably, the Committee for State Security of the Ukrainian SSR was among the territorial divisions of the USSR KGB with the highest level of engagement in ‘PR’ endeavors.
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    The "Romanian Operation" of the NKVD of the Ukrainian SSR in Odesa Oblast in 1937-1938: Technology, Target Groups, Scope
    (2023) Bazhan, Oleh; Mykhailutsa, Mykola
    The article examines the repressive campaign of the Great Terror period in Odesa Oblast of the Ukrainian SSR that went down in history under the name of the "Romanian operation" of the NKVD. Based on the documents from the Branch State Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine, the features and intensity of the terrorist actions in the south of Ukraine are highlighted, the technology of "extraction" of the non-national element from the Soviet society, and the nature of the accusations against citizens of foreign origin are analyzed.