Кафедра міжнародних відносин

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The award concerning jurisdiction in the coastal state rights dispute between Ukraine and Russia: What has been decided and what to expect next
(2021) Koval, Dmytro
On 21 February 2020, the Annex VII Tribunal rendered its Award concerning the jurisdiction in the Dispute Concerning Coastal State Rights in the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov, and Kerch Strait (Dispute Concerning Coastal State Rights in the Black Sea, Sea of Azov, and Kerch Strait (Ukraine v. the Russian Federation), PCA Case No. 2017-06, Award Concerning the Preliminary Objections of the Russian Federation [Award], 2020). The Award opened a new chapter in the high-stakes legal battle between Ukraine and the Russia Federation over the alleged seizure and exploitation of oil fields on Ukraine’s continental shelf, fisheries near the coast of Crimea, navigation through Kerch Strait, the construction of Kerch Bridge, and the conduct of studies of underwater archeological and historical sites in the Black Sea. The Award reflected on six objections raised by Russia. Thus, the Tribunal backed Russia’s arguments that ruling on most Ukrainian claims concerning the rights in the Black Sea will inevitably require the Tribunal to first decide on the issue of sovereignty over Crimea. Therefore, it won’t have jurisdiction over those claims. Addressing the objection concerning the status of Kerch Strait and the Sea of Azov, the Tribunal stressed that the issue does not possess an exclusively preliminary character and cannot be resolved without judging on the merits. It also disagreed with the Russian objection that UNCLOS does not at all regulate a regime of internal waters. The Tribunal listed three examples of provisions of UNCLOS that are applicable to internal waters. They regulate 1) the boundaries of the internal waters areas; 2) execution of the right of innocent passage in internal waters areas which had not previously been considered as such, and 3) protection and preservation of the marine environment. The Tribunal declined further objections of the Russian Federation and set 20 August 2021 as a deadline for the submission of memoranda by the parties.
Characteristics of Russian Propaganda in Latin America with Regard to Russian Aggression Against Ukraine: Case of Brazil
(2024) Taranenko, Anna
Russian aggression against Ukraine has become one of the most serious challenges for the international security system. One of the regions where Russian propaganda has been spread widely is Latin America. And one of the countries especially influenced by the Russian disinformation in the region is Brazil. The goal of this article is to define characteristics of the Russian propaganda in Latin America regarding Russian aggression against Ukraine, particularly, look at the case of Brazil, trace features of the Kremlin propaganda in this country at the current stage and outline possible ways of countering this propaganda. It can be concluded that Russian propaganda in Latin American and in Brazil, particularly, has several specific characteristicsit is widespread, longstanding and generally supported. Key current narratives concerning the ongoing Russian aggression against Ukraine include the nuclear threat, calls for peace negotiations between Ukraine and Russia and accusing the West of russofobia. Other false narratives include accusing Ukraine of war crimes and provocations, as well as dangers of further “escalation” of the war. Among reasons for common misconceptions about the RussiaUkraine war in Brazil one can name a simple lack of information and familiarity with the local politics. This gap is partially the result of Ukraine’s insufficient communication with the Latin American and Brazilian audiences and the countries’ lack of interest in each other for many years.In order to counter Russian propaganda in Latin American and Brazil, in particular, Ukraine should enhance its communication and diplomatic efforts, cooperate with the Ukrainian diaspora in the region and consistently deconstruct Russian disinformation narratives. In the longterm perspective, it is worthwhile increasing opportunities to study the Spanish and Portuguese languages and have respective Regional Studies courses at Ukrainian educational institutions.
Civil Society and Sense of Community in Ukraine: From Dormancy to Action
(2024) Martin, Eric; Zarembo, Kateryna
The academic literature offers different views on the strength of Ukraine’s civil society, but Ukraine’s massive civic engagement and collective action, most recently in defense against Russian aggression, offers a startling picture of grass-root activism. Based on interviews, surveys and archival research, we highlight changes and nuances to Ukrainian civil society, civic engagement and motivations over time, from Euromaidan, through the hybrid Russian aggression in the East, to the recent full-scale Russian invasion. In doing so, we explore a more inclusive understanding of civil society complemented by sense of community and community responsibility.
Conflict in Donbas as a Manifestation of Transitional Society Challenges
(2020) Taranenko, Hanna
Political instability processes are particularly significant for transitional societies. The problem of political transformation is urgent for Ukraine as a nation in transition. The goal of this article is to study the conflict in Donbas as a manifestation of transitional society challenges and Ukraine’s move toward democratization. The utilized method is qualitative case study. Among the study results, one can mention that the current conflict in Donbas is a manifestation of transitional society challenges. The conflict in Donbas can be viewed as a confrontation related to post-Soviet political space transformation, in particular, democracy transit. The practice of «hybrid wars» is not a particularly new concept in the international conflicts dimension, yet it appears to be a significant challenge for transitional societies. The armed conflict in Donbas became a turning point in the identity development of Ukrainians as a society in transition. Ukraine needs to investigate and implement the most successful examples of previous conflicts’ resolution. One of the instruments that can assist in overcoming the challenges of democratic political and economic transition and respective conflict resolution is international organizations. Despite internal weaknesses of the latest years, the EU has been actively supporting Ukraine, specifically, in the conflict resolution efforts. The UN is another important platform for the conflict resolution efforts. Besides, the UN has traditionally been active in supporting transitional democracies. It can be concluded that the potential of international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations can be further utilized in order to search for reliable mediators, new valuable expertise and ideas’ exchange. Besides, while analyzing the topic of democracies in transition, one should look at the potential of civil society groups for establishing and sustaining peace.
Conflict Resolution Within European Union: Experience of Spain
(2020) Taranenko, Hanna
The article is dedicated to the experience of Spain within conflict resolution framework in the European Union. The goal of this article is to analyze in depth the Catalan case in order to identify the important lessons learned of the conflict resolution and search for viable options of the confrontation mitigation. The objectives of the article are as follows: to analyze the background of the Catalan conflict, to study the current status of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia, to identify vital lessons learned from the peace process and make projections for further conflict settlement.
Digital Yuan on the foreground: initial conclusions from the Chinese experiment
(2021) Yefremov, Dmytro
Digital currencies issued by the central banks are a new phenomenon that the global financial system will face in the near future. They differ from electronic money, cryptocurrencies based on blockchain, and private digital currencies, which will be issued by fintech corporations. The disadvantages of these types of future currency are uncontrolled issuance, limited liquidity, insufficient divisibility, dependence on the motives of issuers and energy consumption. The launch of digital currencies by central banks must overcome the described limitations, be centralized and guaranteed by the authorities. The digital currency created by the People’s Bank of China will have its own characteristics: programmability, traceability, alternative registration technology. It is based on innovative software developments of the Chinese central bank, borrowed experience of Chinese fintech corporations. Special centers for registration, recording and big-data analysis will help ensure the stability of the digital renminbi. Its launch aims to substitute the US dollar in world transactions, for which China is developing a special financial infrastructure around the world. The digital yuan distribution algorithm among users still maintains a conservative approach that includes both the central bank and commercial institutions. For users, the digital yuan offers such benefits as inclusiveness, offline service, transaction customization. The latter will be carried out by private companies by preserving some of the elements built in blockchain technology. Among the shortcomings of the China’s model for launching of its digital currency are artificially limited privacy and cross-border operability. After overcoming its own limitations, the digital yuan will be able to restructure the system of global financial relations through the introduction of national Chinese standards in the world practice of monetary settlements.
Ensuring information security: Countering Russian disinformation in Ukrainian speeches at the United Nations
(2024) Taranenko, Anna
Disinformation is one of the major challenges to information security worldwide. Disinformation has also been an important component of the information front of the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian war. This article identifies and describes the mechanisms used to counter Russian disinformation in Ukrainian speeches at the United Nations during the critical period of the first six months after the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine. Ukraine actively counteracts Russian disinformation through speeches delivered at the United Nations. These speeches focus on explaining preconditions for the Russo-Ukrainian war, delivering first-hand stories of the Russian aggression against Ukraine, revealing the global significance of the Russo-Ukrainian war, discussing further possible outcomes of the war, and calling for further action against Russian aggression and disinformation. These mechanisms were utilized by the representatives of Ukraine at the United Nations in order to reveal Russia’s disinformation campaign aimed at international audiences and debunk the respective false narratives about the reasons and nature of the Russian aggression against Ukraine. Besides, these mechanisms were instrumental in ensuring information security of Ukraine and protecting democratic values.
Entertainment media in the context of hybrid war in the post-Soviet countries: the case of Ukraine
(2020) Melykh, Olga; Korbut, Anna
The article provides a complex analysis of how entertainment media can serve to undermine a country’s resilience and security amidst hybrid war using the case of Ukraine as an example. The paper documents that before the launch of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine in 2014, Russian media products had been heavily present in Ukrainian media space, including the entertainment segment. In 2017, Ukraine restricted access to some Russian media products and social media in its territory in an effort to counter disinformation and the use of user data by Russian security services via their access to the social media based in the Russian jurisdiction. Despite the measures taken by the state to address security challenges, build resilience and fight disinformation in the media, the influence of Russian entertainment media in shaping public opinion remains significant. In this paper, the authors analyze segments of the media space where Russian entertainment products are present in Ukraine, the tools used by Russia to enforce its narratives through media content, and the ways Ukraine has responded to these. This paper aims at demonstrating the role of entertainment mass media in the resilience of countries and how it is used in the context of hybrid war. Also, it looks at the efforts to counter this influence. The research shows that Russian entertainment media and content act as a soft power or cultural affinity element alongside misinformation or manipulations via news or information content. By using historical references, demonstrating civilizational and moral superiority, showing Slavic brotherhood, Russia and russocentric forces use entertainment media to shape and manipulate public opinion. As content consumption switches from linear media, such as television, to non-linear clusters of conventional and digital outlets, the room for the distribution of manipulative messages and narratives expands. Among other things, this undermines the resilience of countries and endangers their national security, especially in the hybrid war context. Much is being done to counter this impact. Ukraine’s restrictive measures against some Russian media, social networks and content have been effective in that they have decreased the consumption and the trust for Russian media amongst Ukrainian audiences. Offering alternative content, produced domestically and internationally, has contributed to diversification of the content, moving the audiences from the Russocentric cultural product to a more diverse one.
European imperialism and colonialism in Africa: conceptual lessons for understanding the former Soviet Union and present day Russia
(2022) Yakovlyev, Maksym
This article claims that the legacy of European imperialism and colonialism in Africa can be conceptually compared to the legacy of Russian and Soviet imperialism and colonialism in the former USSR republics and the nations of Central and Easter Europe that were under Soviet dominations. Despite the obvious fact that the historical conditions and paths of African nations that were colonized, repressed and ruled by the European empires differ significantly from the experience of the nations of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, that were conquered and colonized by the Russian Empire and later on were subjects to the Soviet rule, it is suggested in this article, that the conceptual lessons drawn from the vast literature dedicated to the studies of the aftermath of colonialism in Africa can enrich the scholarly efforts aimed at understanding the post-soviet spaces and different processes in it. What is meant by "conceptual lessons" is methodological opportunity for a different perspective or even a different lens through which the legacy of the Soviet rule and the current Russian neo-imperial foreign politics can be better understood. Much is written about the European imperialism and its colonial policies, however there is still some reluctance in applying the methodological framework of postcolonial studies to the former Soviet Union and present day Russia. Scholars all over the world studied the colonial legacies that African nations struggled to overcome and there are topics of particular relevance to the study of the post-soviet space: the processes of post-colonial nation building, the roles of new national elites, the ideological choices in foreign policies of newly independent nations, the aftermath of the policies of assimilation, the imperial "ideologies of superiority", the economic consequences of colonialism, the role of churches and religious organizations in supporting colonial suppression – as conceptual topics, all of them can be studied critically, also in a comparative perspective, to have a much better understanding of the former soviet and current Russian foreign politics and policies.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Civil Society in Ukraine: Building on Euromaidan Legacy
(2017) Burlyuk, Olga; Shapovalova, Natalia; Zarembo, Kateryna
Introduction article to the Special Issue of the Kyiv-Mohyla Law and Politics Journal.
Peace as Process: Recipes for Russia-Ukraine War Settlement
(2021) Taranenko, Hanna
The Russia-Ukraine war is one of the most serious challenges of current international security agenda. Conflict resolution is an integral part of national security framework of any country. Comprehensive national security encompasses such components as political, military, informational, ideological, as well as cultural aspects. The research problem is that it is unknown which methods can be the most appropriate for Russia-Ukraine war settlement. The research goal is to analyze the current state of Russia-Ukraine war in depth and identify important lessons learned from previous confrontations that can be applied for the peace process invigoration. In particular, the research objectives are to analyze the cases of peaceful settlements in the Balkan states and Great Britain and also consider the peacemaking potential of international organizations, such as the EU, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development (GUAM) and Baltic – Adriatic – Black Sea Initiative. The selected methodology is qualitative case study. The study results are that one can find a lot of important lessons learned in the Balkan region. Sustainable peace in the Balkans can be achieved by including this region in the system of Euro-Atlantic cooperation. In the same vein as the Balkan countries, Ukraine should look for long-term political stability in the framework of Euro-Atlantic integration. Besides, a case of particular interest for Ukraine is the Troubles peace process in Great Britain. The main conclusions are that the Balkan states’ and Great Britain’s experience in conflict resolution can be of particular practical interest for Ukraine. One can note that peace is not a particular point in time, but rather a continuous process. Besides, one should pay attention to information component of the peace process and inform audiences about peacemaking efforts to the extent possible. In order to settle the Russia-Ukraine war in an efficient way one should also pay attention to the memory policy component. Ukraine should also use multilateral diplomacy tools, such as international organizations, in particular, the EU, OSCE, GUAM and Baltic-Black Sea-Adriatic Initiative in order to further fight international law infringements and promote the peace process. Prospects of further research are related to usage of cultural diplomacy and track-II diplomacy tools for the Russia- Ukraine war settlement.
Practices and Challenges of Government Scholarship for Foreign Students Programs in European Union, Russia, and China: Comparative Analysis and Lessons for Ukraine
(2020) Solovey, Galyna
Existing Ukrainian governmental scholarship program for foreign students needs to be redesigned. Now Ukrainian scholarship program is not fulfill its main public diplomacy purpose, has problems with efficiency of budget allocation, and uses outdated selection pro-cess and ineffective administration. Potential candidates for Ukrainian scholarship program can also participate in the scholarship programs proposed by European Union, Russian Fed-eration and Republic of China among others. Purposes, designs and administration of men-tioned above three different scholarship programs for foreign students are analyzed using comparative method and official data from Ministries of education and international orga-nizations. The main findings of this research could be recommendations for Ukrainian pol-icy makers. 1) To separate scholarship programs for ethnic Ukrainians and foreign students; 2) to include but not to be limited by bilateral agreements in providing scholarships for foreign students; 3) to allocate budget for the scholarship program, not based by bilateral agreements; 4) to introduce non-degree scholarship programs, and 5) to incorporate international students into Ukrainian students’ body.
Regional Security Development in Latin America: Democratization Trends
(2021) Taranenko, Anna
The article is dedicated to regional security development in Latin America and, in particular, the democratization trends. The topic of regional security development in Latin America appears to be an urgent problem to research in order to trace the security development tendencies in the region, identify current challenges of security development and, in particular, analyze democratization trends. Regional security of Latin America is closely related to security agenda of the Western hemisphere and, thus, the global security. Therefore, it should be paid particular attention. It is necessary to analyze the economic, political, cultural and ecological dimensions of regional security in Latin American countries and its relation to democratization tendencies in the region. The current state of regional security development is characterized by global development trends and challenges, such as climate change, economic turmoil, food security, health protection issues and nuclear weapons proliferation. Thus, the goal of this article is to study regional security development in Latin America in terms of further democratization trends. The objectives of the article are to analyze the current state of regional security development in Latin America, trace democratization trends and define prospects for further strategic alliances development, as well as regional leadership shaping up. One can conclude that regional security is a highly important aspect on foreign policy agenda of Latin American countries. The countries of the region need to face a number of regional security challenges, first of all, stemming from social and economic development aspects. The prospects are to enhance international cooperation in the region and promote effective social, economic and educational development projects. Prospects of further research are related to more detailed examination of various security types in the Latin American region. In particular, it is worthwhile researching the aspects of ecological security, food security and human security in the region. These aspects have gained more resonance in the world security studies of the end of the 20th – beginning of the 21st century and their relevance for the Latin American region needs to be further explored.
Relevance and Evolution of Tagoreana in Ukraine: Major Trajectories
(2024) Ghosh, Mridula
Using newly available materials not studied and researched before, this paper attempts to systematize the century old Ukrainian Tagoreana. The paper proposes the process of reception of Rabindranath Tagore, hitherto not done in Ukraine due to historical reasons, to be divided into six periods, from 1913 till today. In attempting this, it also explains what the concept Tagoreana implies, and why it should be used to trace and define the major trajectories in Ukraine which are rooted in philosophical enquiry, and include translation, interpretation and research of Tagore’s texts, audio-visual and performing arts, as well as their aesthetic appreciation through original creations. Such periodization reveals the hermeneutic evolution of Tagoreana: until 1930s, unlike in the West, Ukraine’s reception was not “orientalist”, Ukrainians upheld Tagore’s wisdom, nonwestern approaches to empires, deep commitment to harmony between nature and humans, education for enlightenment. Later, Tagoreana was controlled by the state as Soviet power was consolidated over Ukraine. Tagore’s Moscow visit was carefully planned by the Soviet authorities in 1930 for winning international recognition. Yet, during 1929–1955 Tagore’s works were not published in the USSR, including Ukraine. On the one hand, till the 1960s, the decades were full of terror against intellectuals, who played a big role in the reception of Tagore like Yukhim Myhayliv, Yuriy Siriy, Pavlo Ritter, Yevhen Pluzhnyk and Myhailo Ivchenko, and on the other hand, there was totalitarian state control, which used Tagore as an anti-imperialist and anti-colonial poet in the light of Soviet state ideology. The thaw of the 1960s and then perestroika of the 1980s led to some freedom, bringing poets and translators such as Victor Batiuk into limelight, although censored and banned writings of Tagore continued to be distributed underground among dissidents. Finally, the independence of Ukraine gave wider freedom and opportunities for reception of Tagore to be transformed from state-governed enterprise with political agenda to individual creative freedom and private initiatives. Analysis of Tagoreana trends shows that after the Russian aggression against Ukraine, reception of Tagore opens yet another dimension; it enables Ukraine’s postcolonial literary dialog with India as well as with the Global South on an equitable, non-hegemonic keel, which provides possible cultural bases for decolonization.
Substituting for the State: The Role of Volunteers in Defense Reform in Post-Euromaidan Ukraine
(2017) Zarembo, Kateryna
While the role of volunteers in sustaining the Ukrainian armed forces against the backdrop of Russian aggression since 2014 has been widely acknowledged in literature, the effect of volunteer initiatives on the state defense capacity in longer term has not been studied thus far. This article aims to address this gap and explore whether volunteer participation led to institutional strengthening of the Ukrainian defense state capacity or to its weakening. The analysis will conclude that the volunteers in fact contributed to both - strengthening the state and weakening it at the same time; the outcome dependent on the context in which the volunteers took action at different times. While volunteer participation failed to bring about systemic reform, it did provide powerful democratic oversight over the state’s key defense institution.

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